illy espresso coffee

Product illy espresso coffee

In 1933, when Francesco Illy founded illycaffe in Trieste, Italy,his dream was to produce and sell the best coffee in the world. Aftercareful deliberation, he chose the Arabica bean, prized for its pronouncedaroma, its mild, well-rounded flavor, and its low caffeine content. However,producing a superior coffee was inconsequential if he couldn't find a way topreserve the freshness. With great persistence, Illy soon found a solution:containers in which nitrogen is substituted for air, making it possible tokeep roasted coffee fresh for up to 2 years! His pressurization method forpreserving coffee made history and is still an integral part of the illypackaging today. Inside this 8.8-oz. pressurized container are illy'sspecially selected Arabica beans that have been freshly roasted and groundto a luxurious texture. Although it's been calibrated for espresso, you canalso use it to make a perfectly brewed cup of coffee.

From illy medium roast

By illy

History of Hashish

History of Hashish

It is believed that hash first originated from Central Asia, as this region was among the first to be populated by the cannabis plant, which may have originated in the Hindu Kush.[citation needed] More reliably, it may have originated in Northern India which also has a very long social tradition in the production of Hashish which is locally known as Charas. Cannabis sativa subsp. indica grows wild almost everywhere in the Indian sub-continent and special strains have been particularly cultivated for production of 'ganja' and 'hashish' particularly in Kerala, Rajasthan and the Himalayas.[citation needed] The earliest hashish was created without the use of sieves. The ancients would gently rub their palms and fingers on cannabis buds for hours while resin accumulated on their hands and then scrape that resin off. This sort of primitive harvesting is undertaken even today in the Cannabis growing farms of Manali, Naggar and Upper Himachal Pradesh. The earliest use of hashish was most likely from farmers scraping resin off of their hands after a day's harvest of commercial hemp and at that time hashish was normally eaten, not smoked.
The word assassin may have been derived from the Arabic word حشّاشين (haššāšīn), or "Hashshāshīn". The Hashashin were allegedly inspired to commit murder under the influence of hashish. The legend of hashish-eating assassins began with a vague mention by Marco Polo, and was embellished by 19th century French and American writers, fascinated by orientalism and eager to present hashish as a menace. The legend gained great popularity especially by Charles Baudelaire in his Artificial Paradises of 1857. Others argue that the term could have been created due to political reasons, in order to discredit the sect. It has also been suggested that if hashish were in fact consumed, it had been adulterated with stronger materials, the effects of hashish being well-known and easily recognizable at that time and place. No reports of statistical linkage between hashish and assassins or terror have been published anywhere in the last century.
Consumption of hashish saw an increase in the 20th century, in Europe and America, associated with the hippie scene. Hashish use declined significantly in the United States starting in the 1980s for several reasons, including U. S. political pressures against Afghanistan and the ensuing Soviet invasion, a huge jump in price, and the success of marijuana cultivators in North America with new growing methods for increasing THC production, such as growing marijuana indoors.

Hashish

Hashish (from Arabic: حشيش ḥashīsh, lit. "grass"; also hash) is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed trichomes collected from the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than other parts of the plant such as the buds or the leaves. Psychoactive effects vary between types of hashish but are usually the same as those of other cannabis preparations such as marijuana. Hash is generally prohibited to the same extent as all other forms of cannabis.
Hashish is often a solid or paste-like substance of varying hardness and pliability, and will soften under heat. Its color can vary from green, black, reddish brown, or most commonly light to dark brown.
It is consumed in much the same way as cannabis buds, used by itself in miniature smoking pipes, vaporized, hot knifed, smoked in a bong or bubbler, or smoked in joints mixed with tobacco, cannabis buds or other herbs.
It can also be eaten alone (pure hash is described as having a spicy or peppery flavor) as well as used as an ingredient in food (baked into cookies or cakes, or added to stews and chocolate). Sale of hashish is illegal in most parts of the world; it has been decriminalized to some extent in a few countries, such as the Netherlands.

History of Ganja

History of Ganja

A monument of the ancient culture, the native land of the great Nizami - the town of Ganja is located on the northeast bottom of Small Caucasus, on Ganja-Gazakh lowland, on both banks of Ganjachay River. This town, which has played a large role in social-economic, political and cultural life of Azerbaijan, was on caravan crossroads, where the travelers stopped, and enjoyed conversations with foreign scientists. Looking through the pages of its rich history, in each line, we meet traces of ancient town, we hear its voice and we feel its breath. There are various points of view about the history of formation of Ganja as a town. Some scientists consider the foundation of town to the period BC, majority - to the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Speaking about the history of town it is impossible to overlook, that it formed as the social-economic and cultural center. Ganja, as well as other cities of Azerbaijan (Kabala, Nakhichevan, Sheki, Shemakha), is considered as a settlement, which had a favorable geographical arrangement and gradually passed in a town. Mausoleum of Dzhomard Gassab (Gassab - a butcher), can be considered as one of the certificates of the age of Ganja. Dzhomard Gassab lived during governing of the fourth khalif Ali ibn Abutalib (656-661) and distinguished with his validity and honesty. In the times when the population of the town professed idols he secretly accepted Islam. The fact that someone could change his opinions and belief secretly, speaks that in VII century there was a strong political authority and influential clergy in Ganja.
Even in 1940 - ties, in time of archeological excavations, the researchers came in such conclusion, that there were settlements in territory of Ganja still BC. There are different opinions in interpretation of word "Ganja". "Dzhanza" - in Arabic, "Gandza" - in Georgian, in Pehlevi it designated - treasure, place of storage of a crop. All of these interpretations have no scientific basis. According Resler, this term is inherent in the Azerbaijan language. In the other reason it is marked, that the given term has connections with a tribe of Ganjak, which is closer to true. There are scientific proofs that the tribe existed. A number of places in Azerbaijan and Central Asia have connections to the name of the tribe. The historians of Central Asia challenge and prove, that they originate from the tribe. In first half of VII century Persians destroyed Ganja, and in second half Arabs did the same. In the end of VII century, the town was an arena of fights between the Arabs and Khazars. In "Derbendname" it is marked, that in the beginning of VII century and in VIII century. The territory of Azerbaijan repeatedly was exposed to attacks, therefore considerably has suffered and Ganja. After Barda, the capital of Arran, Ganja begins to play the important role in international trade, caravans frequently stopped here. There were Arabian dinars and dirkhams in circulation. Since X century, when Barda loses its role of a capital, Ganja begins to play the important role in social-economic and cultural life of the country. Trade and craft occupy the important place in the life of the town. There is an economic potential for development of craft. Iron, copper, aluminum and other mines, which are taking place near Ganja, supplied the handicraftsmen with raw material. In process of formation, Ganja, as the capital of the country, gave the special attention also to strengthening of military power of town. There were fortress walls constructed and ditches dug around the town in this period.
The rests of Ganja fortress, being majestic at its times, are embodied in this photo. The angular tower of the fortress is visible in the foreground; the other tower is in about 600 meters distance (marked with red arrow). This wall passes along the bank of the river Ganjachay. Being a natural barrier at one time, now the river constantly undermines the shabby walls of the fortress. Because of easing of the khalifat in IX-X centuries, independent feudal states of Shirvanshakhs, Sadjadids, Salaridids, and Raevadits began to occur in Azerbaijan. In the middle of Х century, Ganja was in the hands of the state of Salaradids. Later it became the capital of the state of Shaddadids. During the reign of Fadlun I (895-1030), Ganja got stronger even more. The Shaddadids constructed fortress, palaces, bridges, and caravansaries here and began to mint money. There was a newer and stronger fortress constructed around the town.
In 1063, the smith Ibragim has made famous gates of Ganja. In process of transformation of Ganja to the large center, its territory extended also: the new commercial and industrial quarters were under construction. Silk and the silk products have won sympathies of not only local, but also foreign buyers. Ganja was as a religious center too. Therefore, the residence Albanian katalikost changed from Barda to Ganja. Gatran Tebrizi wrote about this period: "Now Ganja has changed into a paradise " In the middle of ХI century Azerbaijan has undergone to invasions of Seljuk. After the capture of Tebriz Togrul I (1038-1068) in 1054 moved his army towards Ganja . The ruler of Ganja Shavir has agreed to become Togrul’s vassal. He has presented Togrul an expensive gift and ordered a khutba to read in his honor.
The invasions of Seljuks did not stop. In 70 years of XI century Fadlun III, the governor of Shaddads, seeing senselessness of war, has surrendered, however a bit later, having taken advantage the convenient moment, again has returned to authority. In 1086 Seljuk governor Malik shah (1072-1092) has sent the commander Bugay to Ganja. Despite of strong resistance of the local population, the Seljuks have grasped town. During war, the governor of Ganja Fadlun III was imprisoned and more than 100 years the reign of the Shaddadid dynasty was fixed. Malik shah has assigned the governing of Ganja to his son Gias ad-din Tapar. Gias ad-din Mukhammed Tapar, even after his election as a sultan (1105-1117), still remained one of the basic residents of Seljuk governors of Ganja. In the first half of XII century Ganja some times was exposed to Georgian invasions, in reply to it Seljuk army have intruded Georgia and have plundered it.

Other event connected with Ganja, was an earthquake of huge force, which has taken place on September 25, 1139. Kirakos Gandzaketsi wrote: " … the fog and clouds wrapped the mountains and the plains, an awful earthquake has taken place. Ganja has collapsed … As a result of it Kapazdag mountain has collapsed and has fallen on springs, which flew down ravines, having blocked them a way. So the lake was formed”. The lake Gek-gol (Gek- blue, gol-lake) in the present time is in territory of the same reserve and is one of the most picturesque places of Azerbaijan. But the author forgot to mention or did not know that time about other seven lakes formed as a result of this earthquake and also distinguished by the rare beauty. They are - Maral-gol, Dzhehran-gol,Ordek-gol, Zalugolu, Aggol, Garagol and Shamligol.
Having taken advantage of the destruction of the town and absence of the governor of town, the Georgian feudal lords have made invasion, have grasped many trophies and have taken away with itself famous gates of Ganja. The rests of this monument of material culture of Azerbaijan, because of miscontrol and unsuitable condition, are in a courtyard of Gelat monastery of the Georgian Republic. Long internal feudal wars have weakened the Seljuk state. It has created conditions for strengthening of the local feudal lords and occurrence of the new states. One of them was the state of Atabeks, founded by Shamsaddin Eldaniz. Ganja became a residence of this state in Arran. The beginning of XII-XIII centuries could be named as the period of bloom of Ganja - the second capital of the state of Atabeks, for that its products were known far outside the country, it has risen up to a level " the mother of Arran cities". A fabric, which was produced here and referred to as " Ganja silk ", has received a high estimation in the markets of the neighboring countries and the Middle East.

Agriculture, gardening and cattle breeding have received wide development simultaneously with craft in Ganja. An unknown author in his work "Adjaib ad-dunya" wrote, that this richly occupied large metropolitan city of Arran was surrounded with powerfully strengthened fortress walls. Whole Ganja was in greens. There were a large variety of fruits in here. The atlas, fabrics, cotton, silk and other goods were taken out to other cities. The population was courageous and shoot bows well enough.


In the specified period Ganja played the important role in cultural development of Azerbaijan. Many scientists and poets, whose products have won the worldwide recognition, were born and lived in this city.



It is necessary to note creativity of Mahsati Ganjavi . She was very much-gifted poetess of the time, having respect and authority of the people. The ingenious Azerbaijan poet Nizami Ganjavi, who has the worldwide recognition, lived and created in Ganja in this period. His "Khamsa" is one of rare pearls of a treasury of the world literature. J.E. Bertels wrote:" Nizami has immortally won the recognition of mankind by divine magic of his spirit ".

In the beginning of ХIII century Azerbaijan was exposed to invasions of the Mongols. They were rendered with strong resistance everywhere. During the first invasion in Azerbaijan (1220) they could not grasp Ganja, which was well strengthened and resisted to the enemy. In 1225 Azerbaijan has undergone to invasion of Dzhalaladdin, who has grasped Azerbaijan cities one after another, including Ganja. And it fixed the end to the state of Atabeks. Dzhalaladdin's governors behaved outrageously, demanded large taxes. In 1231 all this became an occasion of revolt of the Ganja population against foreign invaders. The rebels, having destroyed the palace of the governor of city, killed the servants and have compelled the rich men to pay taxes for deprived within several months. This revolt was suppressed. The head of the rebels a handicraftsman Bender and 30 active participants were executed. In 1231 the Mongols, having surrounded the city, met strong resistance of the local population. Despite of it, the invaders occupied, plundered the city and have subjected the population to severe punishment. The city was not restored for a long time. The sanction for its restoration was received only in 1235.

Since the middle of ХIII century Azerbaijan have been entered into structure of the state of Khulaguids, which was ruled by Khulagu khan (1256-1265). In the 80-ties Azerbaijan was subjected to an attack of Amir Teymur. The country has turned to arena of struggle between Teymur and Tokhtamish. During Teymur's invasions to Georgia Ganja played a role of military station. Teymur's campaign on Azerbaijan has brought the large disasters. In the beginning of XVI century a new state of Sefevids has appeared. Ganja was one of beklarbekliks (province), included in structure of the state founded by Shakh Ismail Khatai. With the assignment of the sultan Shakhverdi as the first beklarbek (ruler) of Ganja, a long domination of the representatives of a new dynasty of Ziad ogly from the tribe of Kadjars began in Ganja and Karabakh. It's this period when Imamzade was built.

Ganja, which again occupied one of conducting places in trade of Transcaucasia, supported close contacts to Russia, countries of Near East and Europe. According to one of the historical sources, there were more than 50 thousand facilities (225 000 population) in Ganja. Temporary reduction of military actions and expansion of trade communications have influenced revival and development of economic life of Ganja and other cities. The Turkish traveller Evliya Chelebi marked, that in this period there were 6000 houses in Ganja and all of them had gardens. Especially he emphasised the development of silk industry. The Osmans were disturbed very much with the gain of Caspian areas by Russia. In 1723 they have taken Ganja in siege, however failed to occupy the city.
It has disturbed the government of Iran. Nadir shah, who stood in the chapter of the Iranian army, has put before himself the purpose exile Russians and Turks from Azerbaijan and to transform it in an occupied zone. According to the conditions of a contract signed between Russia and Iran near Ganja in March 1735, the Russian government has removed its armies from Caspian provinces. Nadir shah's policy in Azerbaijan has subjected the population to complete ruin, became the reason of its poverty. The murder of the shah in 1747 has strengthened aspiration to even more independence, and was finished by occurrence of separate feudal governments - khanlygs. One of the khanlygs, arisen in the middle of Х\/III century was Ganja khanlygy. A representative of the dynasty of Ziadogly, which have ruled in Ganja for a long period of time, Shakhverdi khan (1740-1756) became the khan of Ganja. Ganja became the centre of the khanlyg. In the 80-ties years of Х\/III century during the government of Dzhavad khan (1785-1804), Ganja khanlygy considerably has become stronger. It carried out independent external policy. The khanlyg had it's own monetary courtyard in Ganja. In this period imperial Russia, protecting interests of aristocracy, nobility, landowners and merchants, in its turn, tried to grasp new grounds, to expand the markets of selling. In this respect imperial Russia gave the large importance to Azerbaijan because of its strategic and economic situation.
Taking into account a good site of the Ganja khanlygy, the territory could be used as stronghold of army for association other khanlygs of Azerbaijan. The command of Russian army considered Ganja " as a key to northern provinces of Iran ". General wrote, that Ganja fortress because of a favorable geographical situation occupied the important place in Azerbaijan and consequently a paramount task of Russia was to capture this fortress.


Tsitsianov several times addressed to Dzhavad khan to surrender voluntary and each time received refusal. In November 20, 1803 he directed through Tiflis with his army towards Ganja, in December he come nearer to the fortress. Having understood, that it would be difficult to possess it, after certain preparations, on January 3, 1804 at 5 o'clock in the morning he gave the order to attack the fortress. After fierce fights they have grasped the city. Dzhavad khan was killed. Ganja was renamed in Elizavetpol in honour of Alexander's wife Elizaveta. In 1805 the imperial government officially has entered commandant method of ruling. From now on all military, property and financial authority was concentrated in hands of a commandant. In 1806 a district court was created in Ganja. In 1824 a police department was created, with the purpose of strengthening of the control above the population of city, in Ganja. This department and its methods of government dissatisfied the population. The commandant system was liquidated in 1840. Ganja was entered in the structure of Georgian-Imereti province as a district and there was founded a post of the head of district. Elizavetpol province was founded in 1868. Ganja became the capital of Elizavetpol province. The arrangement of Ganja on a crossroads of caravan ways to Baku - Tiflis created conditions for communications with shopping centres of Transcaucasia and large centres of East. In first half of the ХIХ century a revival in cultural life of Ganja was observed. During centuries in spiritual schools and madrasa pupils were acquainted with classical east literature. However the spiritual schools, madrasa had no clear educational programs. Actually at this period Mirza Shafi Vazeh - famous poetry and teacher, author of first school-book study in Ganja. In madrasa, near the Juma mosque , 100 pupils were trained. In 1833 district schools were open in Ganja. In 1833 38 pupils were trained here, at the end of 50-ties the number rose up to 100. In the middle of ХIХ century special schools began to work in Ganja and in 1860 198 men were trained there. Only 18 schoolgirls received education at sole female school. In the middle of 60-ties 981 men were educated in Ganja schools.

Hemp & The Economy

Hemp's Role In Economic History

Hemp is regarded as probably being the first crop cultivated by humans, as early as 8,000 B.C. in the Middle East.
It provided the sails for ships that allowed commerce and made Columbus' trip to America possible (other fibers would have decayed somewhere in mid-Atlantic). Hemp replaced papyrus as the source of paper that fostered the spread of written knowledge. Hemp was the largest cash crop in the world until the late 19th century, when new technology began to replace it. But marijuana is again the largest cash crop in America; it generates almost four times as much revenue ($41.6 billion/yr) as does it's closest competitor, corn ($13.37 billion), according to the federal Drug Enforcement Administration.
But this is only a small fraction of the potential revenue that will be generated when hemp again takes it's rightful place in the agricultural, textile, food, fuel, cordage, fabrication, pharmaceutical, paper and other affected businesses.
Currently, enforcement of the prohibition and eradication programs cost taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars, has created a non-taxed black market of tens of billions of dollars and has increased the domestic marijuana crop, according to the DEA. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimated that there were 29 million regular users of marijuana and hashish in 1985 and 21 million in 1988. Most sources regard these federal figures as being low. However, even based on the low figures, it is clear that there is a lucrative market in smoking paraphernalia worth billions of dollars that is suppressed.

Hemp & Ecology

Hemp & Ecology

Hemp is a soil-building plant that is excellent in crop rotation and can be grown and harvested in 90 days. Hemp grows well, without herbicides, fungicides, or pesticides. Its strong roots control erosion and promotes weed eradication. In our current climate of deforestation and global warming, such sustainability gives Hemp a distinct advantage over products currently in many markets. Hemp is a hardworking, environmentally-sound renewable resource. People have become so wrapped up in ? the drug war" aspect of marijuana that many are forgetting Hemp?s uses as an industrial material and a healthy food source. Hemp is a great source for paper, fiber and, yes, even oil. By using clean- burning methanol fuel from Hemp, we could replace 50% of domestic oil, without tapping Alaska, offshore drilling or risking oil spills. During photosynthesis, the growth cycle of the plant removes 4 times as much C0 from the air as it puts in, so it helps clean the environment.

Use Hemp Seeds

Hemp Seeds

Hemp food is also utterly delicious. If you've never had hemp seed nuts before, you're in for a real treat. Hemp seed nuts combine the best qualities of pine nuts and cashews at a fraction of the price. Our organic hemp foods contain no THC, the psychoactive substance in marijuana (so you won't get high on them).
Hemp is the oldest food known to mankind. Hempseed oil contains 54.4% linoleic acid (Omega-6), 18.3% linolenic acid (Omega-3), 2-5% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and 1-2% stearidonic acid; and as such is one of only 4 oils to do so: hemp oil is also the most economical of the group.
Hemp's ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acids is about 4:1 which mirrors the primitive diet the human race evolved on for 2.5 million years. This ratio of fatty acids has been shown to be beneficial for the prevention of heart disease and cancer, especially omega 3 fatty acids.

Use Hemp Thai

Biodegradable industrial products.

Because hemp is rich in cellulose, research is being conducted into the use of hemp for the production of biodegradable plastic products. Plant based cellophane, recycled plastic mixed with hemp for injection-molded products, and resins made from hemp oil could one day be manufactured. BMW in an effort to make cars more recyclable, is using hemp materials in their automobiles. Hemp fibers are increasingly being used in industry as a substitute for fiberglass. The advantage of replacing fiberglass with hemp is that hemp is lighter, as strong or stronger, is biodegradable and is cheaper.
Biomass fuels. Hemp is a high yield fiber crop, producing more biomass per acre than most other crops. As a result, the hydrocarbons in hemp could be used as a renewable, low polluting alternative to fossil fuels that is non-polluting to our atmosphere. Hemp is excellent in producing alternative fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. Hemp could be processed into fuel pellets, liquid fuels, and gas, reducing our consumption of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Both the seed and the fiber can be used, though the process varies depending on what you use.
Replacement for wood products. As a replacement for wood products, hemp offers many more environmentally friendly benefits. Hemp yields three to eight tons of fiber per acre, which is four times the yield of the average forest. Unlike wood, hemp is low in lignin, which means that hemp can be pulped using fewer chemicals. Many construction products now made out of wood could be made from hemp. Beams, studs, posts, oriented strand board, and medium density fiberboard made from hemp would be stronger and lighter because of hemp's long fibers. Washington State University produced hemp fiberboard that was found to be twice as strong as wood-based fiberboard. The replacement of wood fiber by hemp-based products can save forests for wildlife habitat, watersheds, recreational areas, oxygen production, and carbon removal, which reduces global warming.
Paper. Hemp paper is of the highest quality, resists decomposition, and does not yellow as it ages when an acid-free process is used. It is for these reasons that hemp paper is used in Europe for bibles. A sample of hemp paper has been found that is more than 1500 years old. Only around 1850 did paper from wood pulp start to replace hemp. Trees were cheap, but now they are rapidly getting depleted. Over a period of 20 years one hectare (ha) of hemp can produce as much paper as four hectares of forest. Japan still imports much of its wood pulp from tropical rainforests which are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Hemp paper can be recycled many more times than wood-based paper. Hemp's natural creamy color eliminates the need for chlorine bleach, which prevents the dumping of extremely toxic dioxin into streams. Instead, hemp can be bleached using gentler hydrogen peroxide.
Body Care Products. Hemp’s antimicrobial properties make it useful for cosmetics and body care products such as shampoos and hair conditioners, lotions, massage oils, salves, soaps, skin crèmes, sunscreen, and lip balm. The oil from hemp seeds has been known to cure dermatitis and other serious skin diseases.
Pet Foods. Hemp provides a healthy protein for pets from dogs and cats to cows and horses to all varieties of birds and chickens.
Detergents. The oil is also being made into a laundry detergent that biodegrades naturally in our water systems.
Art supplies. Hemp is an excellent archival material, for use in paintings and books. Most famous paintings are painted with hemp oil on hemp linen. In ancient China the art of making paper from hemp and mulberry bark was guarded as a state secret, but eventually the knowledge found its way to Japan and also to Europe via the Arabs. In 1390 the first European mill processing hemp rags into paper was founded. In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first printed book in Europe on hemp paper. Washi, a traditional Japanese paper, was made from hemp and mulberry fiber. Nowadays hemp is virtually unavailable for this purpose though a limited supply of hemp paper has been manufactured in Tochigi recently. Hemp and mulberry paper are also used for ritual strips of paper decorations used at Shinto shrines. Japan imported the recipe for paper making from China where most paper still contains hemp today.
Food products. A vast array of food products can be made from hemp seeds. They have exceptional nutritional value and are second only to soybeans as a source of complete vegetable protein. However, they are longer lasting and more digestible than soybeans. The main protein found in hempseed is edestin. Unlike soy, hemp doesn’t have to be cooked or fermented for it to be digestible.

Growing Hemp Thai

Growing Hemp Thai

Ecologically SensitiveHemp is a natural plant material that can be grown with little or no herbicides and pesticides, and little fertilizer. Therefore, in terms of the agricultural system it is more ecologically sensitive. Hemp, as a renewable resource from living plants hemp does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. The growing plants absorb as much CO2 as will later be released when oil or othe.

Botanical

Botanical Cannabis sativa

Habitat. In Britain, and formerly elsewhere, only Hemp grown in India was recognized as official, but the heavy tax has resulted in the admission by the United States of any active Cannabis sativa, whether grown in the States or in Africa, Turkey, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Italy, or Spain.

Description. The plant is an annual, the erect stems growing from 3 to 10 feet or more high, very slightly branched, having greyish-green hairs. The leaves are palmate, with five to seven leaflets (three on the upper leaves), numerous, on long thin petioles with acute stipules at the base, linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the margins sharply serrate, smooth and dark green on the upper surface, lighter and downy on the under one. The small flowers are unisexual, the male having five almost separate, downy, pale yellowish segments, and the female a single, hairy, glandular, five-veined leaf enclosing the ovary in a sheath. The ovary is smooth, one-celled, with one hanging ovule and two long, hairy thread-like stigmas extending beyond the flower for more than its own length. The fruit is small, smooth, light brownish-grey in colour, and completely filled by the seed.
Hemp grows naturally in Persia, Northern India and Southern Siberia, and probably in China. It is largely cultivated in Central and Southern Russia. It is sometimes found as a weed in England, probably due to seeds from birdcages, as they are much used in feeding tame birds. The drug that is official in Europe comes from Bogra and Rajshabi, north of Calcutta, or sometimes from Guzerat and Madras. It is called Guaza by London merchants.
It is imported in parcels of small masses, with flowers, smaller leaves and a few ripe fruits pressed together by sticky, resinous matter. It is rough, brittle, dull-green in colour and almost tasteless, with a peculiar, slightly narcotic odour. It should be freed from resin by macerating in spirit and then soaking in water. The leaves are said to be picked off to form bhang, and the little shoots which follow these are used as above, and called ganja. It is exported from Bombay in wooden cases. Two-year-old ganja is almost inert, and the law requires it to be burnt in the presence of excise officers. In the Calcutta areas the short tops are rolled under foot instead of being trodden, the weight of the workers being supported by a horizontal bamboo pole. This variety is very active, and is usually re-exported from England to the West Indies.
Hemp is prepared in various forms. Ganja is smoked like tobacco. Bhang, sidhee, or subjee is the dried, larger leaves, broken or mixed with a few fruits. It is pounded with water to make a drink, and is the chief ingredient of the sweetmeat majun. Churrus or charas is the resin which exudes spontaneously from the leaves, tops and stems. A usual way of collecting it is for men in leathern garments to rush through the bushes, the resin being afterwards scraped off the clothes. In Nepal the plant is squeezed between the palms of the hands, and in Baluchistan the resin is separated by rubbing the dried plant carefully between carpets. This is the hashish, haschisch, or hashash of the Arabians, the word 'assassin' being said to be derived from it, owing to the wild, fanatical courage given by its use. In Persia the woollen carpets, after scraping, are washed with water, and the evaporated extract is sold cheaply. Another way is to collect the dust after stirring dry bhang, this impure form of resin being only used for smoking.

Ganjo-Ganja

Cannabis (Cán-na-bis) is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa subsp. indica L.,[1] Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa Lam.,[1] and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. These three taxa are indigenous to central Asia and surrounding regions. Cannabis has long been used for fibre (hemp), for medicinal purposes, and as a psychoactive. Industrial hemp products are made from Cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber and minimal levels of THC (Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol), one psychoactive molecule that produces the "high" associated with marijuana. The drug consists of dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of THC. Various extracts including hashish and hash oil are also produced.[2] The cultivation and possession of Cannabis for recreational use is outlawed in most countries.

Cannabis sativus,L.

Cannabis sativus

The following taxonomic treatment of Cannabis was published in 1976 by Ernest Small and Arthur Cronquist. Other taxonomic treatments of Cannabis are valid, and utilized by some botanists.

Cannabis
Cannabis sativa L.
C. sativa subsp. sativa
C. sativa subsp. sativa var. sativa
C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea
C. sativa subsp. indica
C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica
C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica

Correct name : Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa
This taxon includes hemp landraces and cultivars grown for fiber or seed production. Fiber strains are usually tall and unbranched. Seed strains are often shorter, and may be branched or unbranched. Some strains are monoecious. Plants of certified industrial hemp strains produce a relatively high ratio of CBD to THC (about 20:1), and are not suitable for drug use.

THC

Tetrahydrocannabinol

THC has mild to moderate analgesic effects, and medical cannabis can be used to treat pain. The mechanism for analgesic effects caused directly by THC or other cannabinoid agonists is not fully elucidated. Other effects include relaxation; euphoria; altered space-time perception; alteration of visual, auditory, and olfactory senses; disorientation; fatigue; and appetite stimulation. The mechanism for appetite stimulation in subjects is believed to result from activity in the gastro-hypothalamic axis. CB1 activity in the hunger centers in the hypothalamus increases the palatability of food when levels of a hunger hormone, ghrelin, increase as food enters the stomach. After chyme is passed into the duodenum, signaling hormones such as cholecystokinin and leptin are released, causing reduction in gastric emptying and transmission of satiety signals to the hypothalamus, respectively. Cannabinoid activity is reduced through the satiety signals induced by leptin release. It also has anti-emetic properties, and also may reduce aggression in certain subjects.
THC has an active metabolite, 11-Hydroxy-THC, which may also play a role in the analgesic and recreational effects of the herb.

Vaporizer

Vaporizer

A vaporizer (or vaporiser) is a device used to release the active ingredients of plant material, commonly cannabis, or tobacco, and also to release therapeutic compounds from herbs ( phyto-inhalation; see also: aromatherapy ). Vaporization is an alternative to smoking. Rather than burning the herb, which produces numerous harmful by-products, a vaporizer heats the material, ideally to 180°C (356°F), so that the active compounds contained in the plant boil off into a vapor. This new gas is not smoke from combustion, but an evaporated vapor that has the appearance of light smoke. The vapor ideally contains virtually zero particulate matter (tar) and reduced noxious gases such as carbon monoxide. Vapor may be filtered and cooled further using a water pipe or an inline water/ice attachment. The vapor is then inhaled directly through a hose or pipe, or stored for subsequent inhalations in a container such as a "dome" or "balloon." With little to no smoke produced, cooler temperatures, and less material required to achieve the same effect, the irritating/harmful effects of smoking are greatly reduced or eliminated along with second hand smoke by using a vaporizer. This makes vaporizers useful in places where there are public bans on smoking.

CGT. Cannabis Grower Thailand.

CGT. Cannabis Grower Thailand.

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